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The Robinson-Patman Act is the legislation that specifically addresses and regulates price discrimination in the United States. This act seeks to ensure that a seller offers the same price terms to customers at a given level of trade, thereby prohibiting unfair price advantages that could hurt competition. This is particularly relevant in contexts where a seller offers different prices to different buyers for the same product, which can lead to competitive inequalities.

The act serves to protect small businesses and promote fair trading practices by preventing larger companies from exploiting their market power through discriminatory pricing strategies. It specifically targets businesses that might offer deeper discounts to certain retailers over others, which can skew the market and harm fair competition.

The other options mentioned do not specifically target price discrimination. The Consumer Goods Pricing Act relates to the retail pricing of consumer goods, the Minimum Price Law generally establishes baseline prices for certain goods and services, and the Federal Trade Commission Guidelines provide broader regulatory standards for trade practices but are not solely focused on price discrimination. Thus, the Robinson-Patman Act is the correct answer as it directly addresses the issue of pricing disparities among different buyers.